最新刊期
      2023 年 第 1 期
      • 2023, 3(1) DOI: 10.1016/S2667-3762(22)00079-8
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15
      • 2023, 3(1) DOI: 10.1016/S2667-3762(22)00080-4
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15

        Review

      • 2023, 3(1): 9-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.09.001
        摘要：

        Purpose

        To outline the characteristics of Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigmentation Epithelium (CHRRPE) and provide a comprehensive overview of surgical management of epiretinal membrane (ERM) caused by CHRRPE.

        Main text

        CHRRPE is a rare ocular tumor. It clinically mimics other diseases such as retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma. The present study reviewed the multimodal imaging of CHRRPE, highlighted the multimodal imaging modalities which are useful for revealing the unique features of CHRRPE and hence allowing physicians to confirm the diagnosis.Although most of CHRRPEs are benign harmatoma, progressive visual loss may occur because of the traction of the tumor and other complications. It is treated through surgical removal of the ERM caused by CHRRPE to free retina from the traction. Currently, there is no consensus on the surgical management of CHRRPE. Therefore, the current review was designed to explore the surgical management of ERM caused by CHRRPE and hence provide updated data on this subject.

        Conclusions

        Multimodal imaging technologies, especially optical coherence tomography (OCT), significantly contributes to the diagnosis of CHRRPE and visual prognosis. Surgical management of CHRRPE through removal of ERM is beneficial in patients with worsening VA which is secondary to ERM which is associated with CHRRPE. However, the strategy is limited to patients with long-standing poor vision. However, earlier surgical therapy and subsequent postoperative amblyopia therapy can be explored for children of amblyogenic age.  
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15
      • 2023, 3(1): 29-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.10.002
        摘要：

        Background

        Due to media opacity, it is usually difficult to accurately evaluate the postoperative visual acuity in cataracts patients. As a small and portable tool, the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) device reflects the temporal resolution of visual function and has been widely used in clinical research. However, poor understanding of the technique and equipment limitations have restricted its clinical application in China.

        Main text

        There was a decrease in the CFF value in various ophthalmic diseases, indicating that the CFF is sensitive to detect visual functional changes. A number of studies have shown that the CFF test can accurately distinguish patients with simple cataracts from those with cataracts combined with fundus disease, and, as a visual test, it can more accurately predict postoperative visual acuity without being affected by media opacity. This study comprehensive reviews the basic principles of CFF and its application in ophthalmology, especially in cataracts.

        Conclusions

        As one of the tools for dynamic visual function detection, the CFF test could help doctors to assess the possible presence of fundus disease in cataracts patients, especially in eyes with dense cataracts, and more precisely provide a reasonable visual prognosis than other available visual tests.  
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15
      • 2023, 3(1): 33-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.11.001
        摘要：

        Background

        The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavins 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to the severe Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak that started in December 2019 in China and caused enormous health and economic problems worldwide. Over time, SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the capacity for mutation. As the most prevalent new coronavirus variety worldwide, the Omicron variant has supplanted the Delta variant. The COVID-19 primarily damages the immune system and the lungs, but it can also harm other organs secondarily, depending on the patients' co-existing conditions.

        Main Text

        COVID-19 is associated with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctival congestion, tear overflow, and conjunctival edema, with the majority of eye complications occurring in patients with severe infection. The virus may make a patient more susceptible to thrombotic conditions that affect venous and arterial circulation. Meanwhile, it can lead to efferent complications and mucormycosis which is more common in patients with diabetes or who have critical or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Significantly, there are a number of ocular side effects following the COVID-19 vaccination, such as herpetic keratitis and facial nerve palsy, which have been reported. These side effects may be caused by the vaccinations' propensity to trigger autoimmune symptoms or thromboembolic events. At present, large-scale nucleic acid testing mainly relies on nasopharyngeal swabs and throat swabs. Tear samples and conjunctival swabs may be helpful samples for the diagnosis of ocular SARS-CoV-2 infection. The eye could be a new route of infection, and finding ways such as effective environmental disinfection, scientific administrative control management, qualified personal protection and other measures to protect the eyes could further reduce the risk of infection.

        Conclusions

        This review aims to sum up the ocular complications of COVID-19, the possible pathogenesis, and preventive strategies to protect ophthalmology practitioners and patients by reviewing the currently available literature on the topic.  
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15

        Full Length Article

      • 2023, 3(1): 15-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.09.002
        摘要：

        Background

        This study compared the role of autophagy regulators Rapamycin and 3-MA in oxidative damage and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) caused by two doses of Ultraviolet Radiation B (UVB).

        Methods

        HLECs were irradiated with UVB, and two doses of UVB damage models were constructed. After treatment with autophagy regulators, cell damage tests such as CCK-8, LDH activity, and Ros detection were performed. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of autophagy-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA leve of secondary antioxidant enzymes.Flow cytometry was used to examine cell viability and apoptosis. Finally, the proportion of autophagy and apoptosis was observed by electron microscope.

        Results

        Autophagy inhibitor 3-MA promoted oxidative damage and apoptosis of HLECs at low doses of UVB (5 mJ/cm2), which corresponds to 1.3 ​h of exposure to sunlight in human eyes. Under the high dose of UVB (50mJ/cm2), which is equivalent to 13 ​h of exposure to sunlight in human eyes, the autophagy inducer Rapamycin caused more extensive oxidative damage and apoptosis of HLECs. 3-MA was able to reduce this damage, indicating that moderate autophagy is necessary for HLECs to cope with mild oxidative stress. For high dose UVB-induced oxidative stress, the use of 3-MA inhibiting autophagy is more beneficial to reduce cell damage and apoptosis. The mechanisms include degradation of damaged organelles, regulation of the expression of antioxidant enzymes HO-1, NQO1, GCS and regulation of apoptosis-related proteins.

        Conclusions

        Autophagy played different roles in HLECs oxidative stress induced by two doses of UVB. It provides new ideas for reducing oxidative damage and apoptosis of HLECs to prevent or delay the progression of age-related cataract (ARC).  
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15
      • 2023, 3(1): 23-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.10.003
        摘要：

        Purpose

        Description of safety and efficacy of micropulse Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation as a treatment option for refractory glaucoma.

        Methods

        This is a prospective study including 39 eyes of 31 patients followed for refractory glaucoma, who benefited from transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using a microplused laser. The main indication for the procedure was increased ocular pressure refractory to quadritherapy in various types of glaucoma. The patients were treated using iridex Cyclo G6 laser with a Micropulse P3 infrared probe with a wavelength of 810 ​nm. The parameters for the procedure were a duration of 90 ​s per hemisphere with a power of 2000 mW and an energy of 180 ​J. Both the upper and lower hemispheres were treated in the same procedure, sparing the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock meridians, and all the patients benefited from a single treatment session. The following parameters were evaluated: ocular pain and overall tolerance; visual acuity; and the evolution of IOP postoperatively up to 9 months.

        Results

        The glaucoma subtypes treated are as follows: primary open-angle glaucoma (n ​= ​05), chronic angle-closure glaucoma (n ​= ​13), neovascular glaucoma (n ​= ​07), aphakic glaucoma (n ​= ​06), malignant glaucoma (n ​= ​04), post-traumatic angle recession (n ​= ​02), and inflammatory glaucoma (n ​= ​02). The mean pre-operative intraocular pressure was 42.3 ​± ​5.2 ​mmHg and the mean post-operative intraocular pressure at 9 months was 16.9 ​± ​1.9 ​mmHg. The reduction in IOP was 49.9%. The average number of intraocular pressure-lowering medications used prior to surgery was four, and the average number of medications used at the 9-month post-operative visit was 2.0 ​± ​1.2 (70.3% of patients were on dual therapy). The overall success rate was 60.5%.

        Conclusions

        Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation appears to be a safe and efficient treatment for refractory glaucoma. Its indications should therefore be broadened and proposed early in various situations.  
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15
      • 2023, 3(1): 39-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.08.001
        摘要：

        Purpose

        To investigate the influence of posterior corneal astigmatism on the prediction accuracy of toric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) calculation.

        Methods

        The keratometric astigmatism measured by Lenstar LS 900 (KCAL), keratometric astigmatism (KCAP) and total corneal astigmatism (TCA) measured by Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR) were documented and analyzed accordingly. Three deduction models using different parameters were compared. Model 1: KCAL ​+ ​keratometric corneal surgically induced astigmatism (KCSIA, 0.30 D @ 50°); Model 2: KCAP ​+ ​KCSIA); Model 3: TCA ​+ ​total CSIA (TCSIA, 0.23 D @ 50°). The prediction errors of each model as the difference vector between the actual and the intended residual astigmatism were compared.

        Results

        Seventy-six eyes implanted with toric multifocal IOLs were included in this study. The vector differences of the actual KCSIA and TCSIA were statistically significant in the total sample and against-the-rule (ATR) subgroup (both P ​< ​0.05). Model 1 deduced the smallest mean values of prediction error, while that of Model 3 were smaller than that of Model 2, both in the total sample and the ATR subgroups (all P ​< ​0.05). Meanwhile, in the total sample and ATR subgroups, the centroid vector magnitudes of Model 3 were smaller than that of Model 1 (0.31 ​± ​0.76 D and 0.39 ​± ​0.76 D).

        Conclusions

        The calculation of toric multifocal IOL should be individualized especially in the ATR eyes for the impact of PCA on the estimation of the preoperative corneal astigmatism and the CSIA.  
          
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        发布时间：2023-11-15
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